This study by Ban et al. aims to investigate the impact of social ecological risk factors (SERFs) on suicidal behavior and non-suicidal self-injury (NSSI). The researchers conducted a longitudinal study, in which 2114 adolescents completed a baseline and follow-up survey assessing suicide-related behavior and social ecological risk exposure. A t-test and Chi-square test were then used for difference analysis. Adolescents with higher cumulative social ecological risk factors had significantly greater odds of suicidal ideation, planning, attempts, and NSSI. Furthermore, individual-level risks such as low self-efficacy or negative coping styles were found to be the most influential factors. Other factors such as family, school, and culture also contributed significantly. The researchers note that risks evolve across time, and as such, early intervention may prevent escalating crisises. Particularly, self-efficacy and coping skills are especially critical intervention points as they were found to be a significant risk.